1981 Turkish consulate attack in Paris

The 1981 Turkish consulate attack (also known as Van Operation^[1]) was an attack on the Turkish consulate in Paris, France on September 24, 1981.

Takeover

The attack began about 11:30 a.m. when four members of Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia, calling themselves a "suicide squad,"^[2] took over the consulate killing a Turkish guard, wounding the Turkish Consul and taking 56 people hostage, including 8 women and a 3-year-old child.^[3]

The consulate, a nine-story building on the Boulevard Haussmann, not far from the Arc de Triomphe, was surrounded by dozens of French policemen a few minutes after it was seized. Sharpshooters took up positions on buildings opposite the consulate, and the area was cordoned off by riot policemen, causing huge traffic jams. Several buildings adjoining the consulate were evacuated.^[2]

The gunmen, who said they were members of an organization called the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA), threatened to blow up the consulate building and everyone inside if the French police tried to intervene.^[4] At the same time, in a statement issued and delivered to the Reuters Beirut office during the siege, ASALA's "Suicide Commandos of Yeghia Kechichian"^[4] threatened that if Turkey did not release certain "Armenian political prisoners," and if French authorities intervened in the Consulate takeover, all of the hostages would be executed." The Turkish prisoners whose release the militants demanded were said to include two clergymen and five Turkish and five Kurdish "revolutionary fighters."^[4]

The French and Turks knew from experience that they should take the Armenians seriously.^[3] Based in Beirut, the Secret Army had claimed at least 136 attacks against Turks in the previous six years, including sixteen killings and scores of bombings in cities like Sydney, Zurich and Los Angeles. The radicals had killed six Turkish officials in Paris alone, starting with Ambassador Ismael Erez and his chauffeur in 1975.^[3] The Armenian group sought to avenge the mass killings of their people by Turks during World War I.^[4]

Turkey's ambassador to France, Adnan Bulak, refused to negotiate, saying that Turkey holds no Armenian political prisoners. "We will not negotiate with terrorists. That is Turkish Government policy.^[4] We perhaps have some Turkish political prisoners of Armenian origin, but there are no Armenian political prisoners."^[3] The French Government started talks by telephone and through the consulate's windows. The Turkish guard Cemal Ozen was released about six hours later to a police medical team, but he died shortly afterward in a Paris hospital.

Again and again, a militant appeared at a window to shout demands, holding a grenade in his left-hand, a pistol in his right hand—and shielding himself with a terrified hostage. Eventually, one of the injured militants emerged, flashing a V sign and shouting, "I demand political refugee status."^[3]

Shortly after midnight, the militants' leader started the negotiations that led to the end of the ordeal at about 2 a.m.^[2] He was promised by French authorities that the four militants would receive political asylum. "If we had refused asylum," explained Interior Minister Gaston Defferre, "they would have become desperate men."^[3] The next day, however, the French Government issued a statement saying that the men would have to stand trial on charges growing out of the assault, including the death of a Turkish guard.

"However sorrowful the historical events that the perpetrators of this act invoked," the French statement said, the takeover "was an inadmissible assault on elementary human rights and becomes even more intolerable because once again Turkish diplomats assigned to France have been attacked."

Charges and trial

The four militants were charged with the murder of a security guard and the attempted murder of the vice-consul. The men were also charged with the illegal detention of the 56 hostages and breaking arms laws. Entering the court smiling, the handcuffed defendants all made the victory "V" sign with their hands. Defendant Kevork Guzelian told the court: "Whatever your verdict, our action is already a victory."^[5]

The four militants – Vasken Sako Sislian, Kevork Abraham Guzelian, Aram Avedis Basmajian and Agop Abraham Turfanian-Dzhulfayan – were convicted on 31 January 1984 to 7 years in prison (including the years of their stay in detention pending trial).^[5] The verdict received large resentment in Turkey.

The international press alleged that the light sentences to four ASALA members charged with the takeover of the Turkish consulate in Paris were a part of a secret deal that French Socialist government struck with ASALA in January 1982. In exchange, ASALA undertook to conduct no further attacks on French soil, while the French government also granted ASALA the unrestricted use of French airports.^[6] Belief in this suspected agreement was further bolstered after Interior Minister Gaston Defferre called ASALA's cause "just".^[7]

Sislyan, Guzelian and Dzhulfayan were released from the Fleury-Mérogis prison in France on August 5, 1986. The fourth convict – Aram Basmajian – committed suicide a year earlier.

The Armenians called their attack on the consulate "Operation Van," after a city in Turkey where, they claim, the Turks killed 200,000 people in 1915.^[3]

According to Monte Melkonian, at that time a member of ASALA who helped to plan and train commandos for the "Van Operation", this so-called "Van Operation" by the "Yeghia Keshishian Suicidal Commando" marked "ASALA's historic peak. It became the greatest single military/propaganda success ever achieved in the history of the diaspora... Summed up, this was a tremendous achievement which created a previously unequalled atmosphere of patriotic enthusiasm and which made ASALA the hope in the eyes of a vast number of Armenians for the realization of our national aspirations."^[8][9]

References

1. ^ Armenian Terrorism in the 20th Century by Michael M. Gunter. Accessed 2009-06-16. Archived 2009-06-19.
2. ^ ^{a b c} Armenians Surrender After Killing 1, Holding 50 in Paris. The Washington Post. September 25, 1981, Friday, Final Edition
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} The Hundred Year's War. Newsweek. October 5, 1981, United States Edition. Section: International; Pg. 56
4. ^ ^{a b c d e} 60 held 15 hours in a siege in Paris. The New York Times. September 25, 1981, Friday, Late City Final Edition
5. ^ ^{a b} Four Armenians sentenced in Paris. The Globe and Mail (Canada). February 1, 1984 Wednesday
6. ^ Jack Anderson, Dale Van Atta. Lebanese Is Key To Bombings Rocking France. Newsday, October 29, 1986, p. 80.
7. ^ Echikson, William. "Armenian bombing at Orly ends pact between Socialists and terrorists," Christian Science Monitor, July 19, 1983.
8. ^ "Gunter, Michael, Transnational Sources of Support for Armenian Terrorism, Conflict Quarterly, V.5, No.4 (Fall 1985), pp.31-52.". Archived from the original on 2009-06-19. http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/JCS/CQ/vol005_4fall1985/gunter.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-16. 
9. ^ The post-Soviet wars by Christoph Zürcher