- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Taxobox
color = lightgrey
name = "Stenotrophomonas maltophilia"
regnum = Bacteria
phylum =Proteobacteria
classis = Gamma Proteobacteria
ordo =Xanthomonadales
familia =Xanthomonadaceae
genus = "Stenotrophomonas "
species = "S. maltophilia"
binomial = "Stenotrophomonas maltophilia"
binomial_authority = Palleroni & Bradbury 1993
synonyms = "Pseudomonas maltophilia" ("ex" Hugh and Ryschenkow 1961) Hugh 1981
"Xanthomonas maltophilia" (Hugh 1981) Swings "et al". 1983
"Pseudomonas hibiscicola" Moniz 1963
"Pseudomonas beteli" corrig. (Ragunathan 1928) Savulescu 1947"Stenotrophomonas maltophilia" is an aerobic, nonfermentative,
Gram-negative bacterium which cause uncommon but difficult to treatinfection s inhuman s.cite book | author = Gilligan PH, Lum G, VanDamme PAR, Whittier S | title = Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas, Ralstonia, Brevundimonas, Comamonas, Delftia, Pandoraea, and Acidivorax. "In:" Manual of Clinical Microbiology (Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH "et al.", Eds)| edition = 8th ed | pages = p729–748 | publisher = ASM Press, Washington, DC | year = 2003 | id = ISBN 1555812554 ] Initially classified as "Pseudomonas maltophilia", "S. maltophilia" was also grouped in thegenus "Xanthomonas " before eventually becoming thetype species of the genus "Stenotrophomonas " in 1993.cite journal |author=Denton M, Kerr K |title=Microbiological and clinical aspects of infection associated with "Stenotrophomonas maltophilia" |journal=Clin Microbiol Rev |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=57–80 |year=1998 |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/11/1/57 |pmid=9457429] cite journal |author=Palleroni N, Bradbury J |title="Stenotrophomonas", a new bacterial genus for "Xanthomonas maltophilia" (Hugh 1980) Swings et al. 1983 |journal=Int J Syst Bacteriol |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=606–9 |year=1993 |pmid=8347518]"S. maltophilia" are slightly smaller (0.7-1.8 x 0.4-0.7 μm) than other members of the genus. They are motile due to
polar flagella and grow well onMacConkey agar producing pigmented colonies. "S. maltophilia" arecatalase positive,oxidase negative (which distinguishes them from most other members of the genus) and have a positive reaction for extracellularDNase ."S. maltophilia" is ubiquitous in aqueous environments, soil and plants, including water,
urine , or respiratory secretions; it has also been used inbiotechnology applications.cite journal |author=Berg G, Roskot N, Smalla K |title=Genotypic and phenotypic relationships between clinical and environmental isolates of "Stenotrophomonas maltophilia" |journal=J Clin Microbiol |volume=37 |issue=11 |pages=3594–600 |year=1999 |pmid=10523559] Inimmunocompromised patients, "S. maltophilia" can lead tonosocomial infections.Pathogenesis
"S. maltophilia" frequently colonizes breathing tubes such as endotracheal or
tracheostomy tubes, the respiratory tract and indwelling urinary catheters. Infection is usually facilitated by the presence of prosthetic material (plastic or metal), and the most effective treatment is removal of the prosthetic material (usually acentral venous catheter or similar device). The growth of "S. maltophilia" inmicrobiological culture s of respiratory or urinary specimens is therefore sometimes difficult to interpret and not a proof of infection. If, however, it is grown from sites which would be normally sterile (e.g., blood), then it usually represents true infection.In immunocompetent individuals, "S. maltophilia" is a relatively unusual cause of
pneumonia ,urinary tract infection , or blood stream infection; inimmunocompromised patients, however, "S. maltophilia" is a growing source of latent pulmonary infections.cite journal |author=McGowan J |title=Resistance in nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria: multidrug resistance to the maximum |journal=Am J Med |volume=119 |issue=6 Suppl 1 |pages=S29–36; discussion S62–70 |year=2006 |pmid=16735148 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.03.014] "S. maltophilia" colonization rates in individuals withcystic fibrosis have been increasing. [cite journal |author=Waters V, Gómez M, Soong G, Amin S, Ernst R, Prince A |title=Immunostimulatory properties of the emerging pathogen "Stenotrophomonas maltophilia" (Epub ahead of print) |journal=Infect Immun |volume= 75|issue= |pages= 1698|year= 2007 |pmid=17220304 |doi=10.1128/IAI.01469-06]In UK in 2006 there were about 1000 recorded cases with 300 fatalities (30%).
"S. maltophilia" is naturally resistant to many broad-spectrum
antibiotic s (including allcarbapenem s) and is thus often difficult to eradicate. Many strains of "S. maltophilia" are sensitive toco-trimoxazole andticarcillin , though resistance has been increasing.cite journal |author=Al-Jasser A |title="Stenotrophomonas maltophilia" resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: an increasing problem |journal=Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob |volume=5 |issue= |pages=23 |year= 2006 |pmid=16978420 |doi=10.1186/1476-0711-5-23] It is not usually sensitive topiperacillin , and sensitivity toceftazidime is variable.References
External links
* [http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3457.htm "Stenotrophomonas maltophilia" article] at eMedicine.
* [http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/s/stenotrophomonas.html The genus "Stenotrophomonas"]
* [http://www.genomesonline.org/search.cgi?colcol=all&goldstamp=ALL&gen_type=ALL&org_name1=genus&gensp=Stenotrophomonas&org_domain=ALL&org_status=ALL&size2=ALL&org_size=Kb&gen_gc=ALL&phylogeny2=ALL&gen_institution=ALL&gen_funding=ALL&gen_data=ALL&cont=ALL&gen_country=ALL&gen_pheno=ALL&gen_eco=ALL&gen_disease=ALL&gen_relevance=ALL&gen_avail=ALL&selection=submit+search Stenotrophomonas Genome Projects] from [http://www.genomesonline.org Genomes OnLine Database]
* [http://www.cysticfibrosismedicine.com/htmldocs/CFText/stenotr.htm] Relevance to Cystic Fibrosis
* [http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/5/758.pdf Effect of different antibiotics eg minocycline, Tigecycline; ] JAC 2002 correspondence
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