Inventive spelling

Inventive spelling

Inventive, or invented, spelling is the non-conventional spelling of a word created by a novice reader or writer. It contrasts with conventional spelling, the correct or standard spelling.

Overview

Inventive spelling is not an instructional technique but rather something that is encouraged or discouraged by a child's teachers and parents. Inventive spelling is not universally accepted. Whether teachers and parents encourage inventive spelling is generally connected to those individuals' perspectives on the importance of experimentation in learning.

Debate over Inventive/Invented Spelling

Learning Theory

Whether an individual accepts or rejects inventive spelling is a feature of that individual's theory of learning. The debate is closely linked with the debate over whole language literacy instruction and phonics instruction.

Theories of Supporters of Inventive Spelling

Those who favor inventive spelling tend to believe in constructivism, a theoretical perspective on learning (an epistemology) grounded in postmodernism and holism. Constructivists believe that knowledge is created by individuals in a social context. Because knowledge is cultural, there are no right answers. In terms of inventive spelling, constructivists are likely to believe that the child is inventing spellings in accord with his or her understanding of language and print. These spellings are neither right nor wrong; they reflect the child's development as a speller.

Theories of Detractors of Inventive Spelling

Those who oppose inventive spelling tend to be positivists or post-positivists. Positivists believe that there are correct answers that we can discover based upon empirical observation. They would argue that encouraging inventive spelling is not helpful because there are correct ways to spell that children should learn. Post-positivists believe that while we cannot know truth completely--our own biases and perspectives prevent that--we can "approximate" truth. Post-positivists might agree with constructivists that an inventive spelling does reflect a child's development but might also argue that there are socially accepted spellings and that children should know these well.

tate of the Debate

There is clearly no correct answer to this question. Some research has shown that children learn to spell correctly more quickly when they learn how to spell words conventionally and this spelling is reinforced. Fact|date=August 2008 However, children will always spell words incorrectly, and many educators argue that there is little sense in punishing students for errors.

The middle way would seem to be (a) teaching children the phonics patterns and rules needed to spell conventionally, (b) encouraging children to spell conventionally, (c) accepting students' inventive spellings and (d) using students' errors as tools for further instruction.

Instruction

Inventive Spelling Instruction

To use SIL International's (http://www.sil.org/), inventive spelling program, there are several instructional principles, as follows:
* At first, the teachers should accept all of the student's writing as meaningful writing. As students gain more experience, they begin to learn the correct spellings of words and use these spellings in their writings.
* Let the students write freely and independently.
* Ask students to read what they have written.
* Read the text, or repeat the story as if you are reading it.
* Ignore spelling and grammar errors, unless the students ask to be corrected.
* Rewrite the text if students want you to.
* Help the students to create their own word lists as they write or edit so they can find out the proper spellings.

Instruction for Conventional Spelling

Traditional models of spelling instruction require children to write out lists of spelling words, often a prescribed number of times, in practice for a Friday test. This method of instruction does not tend to improve students' spelling on any words except those on the test.Fact|date=August 2008

Current instruction that emphasizes conventional spelling focuses on the phonics patterns and rules in English. For example, children can be taught that when they hear the /k/ sound at the end of a one-syllable word where a short vowel precedes the sound, the /k/ sound will be spelled "ck" (as in "stack", "wreck", "stick", "rock", and "stuck"). A similar pattern holds for the /dʒ/ʒʒ sound spelled "dge" (as in "badge", "wedge", "bridge", "lodge", and "budge") and the /ch/ sound spelling "tch".

Once children learn these phonics patterns, they can apply them to words. When children make errors, the teacher does not merely tell them they are wrong; the teacher, to the extent possible, returns the child's attention to the relevant rule or pattern.

There are also sight words that do not follow patterns; children need to memorize conventional spellings for these words, such as "who".

Benefits and Costs

Benefits

Whether teachers encourage children to use inventive spellings or not, analyzing them has several key advantages:
* Children's invented spellings help teachers understand what students know and do not know about the phonetic structure of the language.
* Sophisticated spelling, even if it is not conventional, may indicate strong phonological awareness.
* Examining invented spellings may help researchers understand the development of phonological awareness and understanding of sound-symbol correspondences.For those teachers who emphasize constructivist, inventive spellings, there are further advantages:
* Children who are allowed to spell inventively may learn an earlier appreciation for writing.
* Children who spell inventively may be more creative in their writing because they focus less on form.

Costs

Permitting or encouraging children to spell inventively has some costs.
* According to some research, children may learn to spell correctly faster if they are taught to do so in a direct and systematic way.
* Encouraging inventive spelling may delay children's conventional spelling development.
* Early excitement about writing may give way to later frustration when students feel a lack of confidence about their misspellings.
* Some students like to spell things correctly and may resist attempts to get them to spell inventively.
* Practicing bad spelling habits ingrains them and makes them difficult to overcome, while spelling correctly from the beginning eliminates this problem.

References

# http://www.sil.org/lingualinks/literacy/ReferenceMaterials/GlossaryOfLiteracyTerms/WhatIsInventiveSpelling.htm -- SIL International
# http://www.germantownacademy.org/academics/ls/K/spelling/spelling.htm -- Germantown Academy Kindergarten
# http://www.nrrf.org/42_invented_spelling.html -- National Right to Read Foundation


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужна курсовая?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Eye dialect — is the use of non standard spelling for speech to draw attention to pronunciation. The term was originally coined by George P. Krapp to refer to the literary technique of using non standard spelling that implies a pronunciation of the given word… …   Wikipedia

  • Whole language — describes a literacy instructional philosophy which emphasizes that children should focus on meaning and moderates skill instruction. It can be contrasted with phonics based methods of teaching reading and writing which emphasize instruction for… …   Wikipedia

  • Reading readiness — has been defined as the point at which a person is ready to learn to read and the time during which a person transitions from being a non reader into a reader. Other terms for reading readiness include early literacy and emergent reading.Children …   Wikipedia

  • Grade (education) — GPA redirects here. For other uses, see GPA (disambiguation). Academic grading Africa Egypt • Kenya • Morocc …   Wikipedia

  • Constructivism (learning theory) — Jean Piaget: founder of Constructivism Constructivism is a theory of knowledge (epistemology)[1] that argues that humans generate knowledge and meaning from an interaction between their experiences and their ideas. During infancy, it was an… …   Wikipedia

  • Education reform — is the process of improving public education. Small improvements in education theoretically have large social returns, in health, wealth and well being. Historically, reforms have taken different forms because the motivations of reformers have… …   Wikipedia

  • John Dewey — For the structural geologist, see John Frederick Dewey. John Dewey Dewey in 1902 Full name John Dewey Born October 20, 1859(1859 10 20) …   Wikipedia

  • Outcome-based education — (OBE) is a recurring education reform model. It is a student centered learning philosophy that focuses on empirically measuring student performance, which are called outcomes. OBE contrasts with traditional education, which primarily focuses on… …   Wikipedia

  • Rote learning — By heart redirects here. For the album by Lea Salonga, see By Heart. Rote learning is a learning technique which focuses on memorization. The major practice involved in rote learning is learning by repetition by which students commit information… …   Wikipedia

  • Standardized test — Young adults in Poland sit for their Matura exams. The Matura is standardized so that universities can easily compare results from students across the entire country. A standardized test is a test that is administered and scored in a consistent,… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”