- Battle of Osuchy
Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of Osuchy
caption=Historical recreation of battle of Osuchy; summer 2007
partof=Occupation of Poland
date=June 25 -June 26 ,1944
place=Solska Forest , nearOsuchy ,Poland
result=German victory
combatant1=
)
combatant2=
commander1=mjr Edward Markiewicz "Kalina"
rtm. Mieczysław Rakoczy "Miecz"
lt. Konrad Bartoszewski "Wir"
commander2=generalHelmut Altrichter
strength1=~1,200
strength2=~30,000
casualties1=~400
casualties2=unknown|The Battle of Osuchy (less often referred to as the Battle at Sopot River) was one of the largest battles between the Polish resistance andNazi Germany inoccupied Poland duringWorld War II . It took place near the village ofOsuchy in theSolska Forest ("Puszcza Solska") on 25-26 June 1944 during the Germananti-partisan operationSturmwind II (Operation Hurricane II). The battle ended with the defeat of the local resistance forces, who suffered heavy casualties. [Martin Gilbert, "Second World War A Complete History", Holt Paperbacks, 2004, ISBN 0805076239, [http://books.google.com/books?id=xxdTZE2zREMC&pg=RA4-PA542&vq=osuchy&dq=Osuchy&as_brr=3&sig=eCCdHLUNRN7xjHiSVUwqK72T-To Google Print, p.542] ]Background
The Nazi terror since 1942 - part of the
Generalplan Ost - in theZamość region inoccupied Poland had led to the creation of many active resistance units. Polish partisans (fromArmia Krajowa ,Bataliony Chłopskie andArmia Ludowa ) - with the aid of someSoviet partisans - made the region almost ungovernable to the Germans. The German garrison in the key city ofBiłgoraj was mostly cut off from land communication with other forces; the town of Józefów was under resistance control, as were many villages and wilderness regions. Vital German communication lines with the units at the Eastern Front were in peril, and many troops were diverted from the front to deal with the partisans.The Germans carried out a major anti-partisan operation in early June,
Sturmwind I (German for 'Storm-Wind'). This operation, however, failed to defeat the partisans, who broke out of an encirclement in theJanowski Forest ("Lasy Janowskie") (according to some estimates, Germans suffered higher casualties than the resistance in Sturmwind I). Some partisan units moved to theSolska Forest and the Germans decided to start another operation -Sturmwind II - to eliminate them. By 15 June most of the Forest was surrounded; the partisan leaders assumed that the Germans would not enter it, but were proven wrong when on 21 June, after artillery and air bombardment, German forces started to advance.On the 22 June the
Armia Ludowa unit, numbering about 700, broke through the German lines in the area ofGórecko Kościelne village, suffering heavy casualties.Soviet partisans under Lt. Col.Nikolai Prokopiuk - about 1900 people - tried to break free on the night of 22 to 23 June aroundHamernia village; they failed, but succeeded the following night in the area near theBorowiec andHuta Różaniecka villages. Although Polish and Soviet commanders met, they were unable to agree on a common plan (various sources blame different sides). By then only the combinedArmia Krajowa andBataliony Chłopskie units under MajorEdward Markiewicz "Kalina" - about 550 people - remained within the closing circle. The partisans were exhausted, pushed into a swampy 6 by 4 km rectangular area between theTanew and Sopot rivers. The commander of the remaining partisans, Mjr. Markiewicz, suffered a nervous breakdown, transferred his command toRotmistrz Mieczysław Rakoczy "Miecz", and committed suicide. Rakoczy in turn transferred the command to Lt.Konrad Bartoszewski "Wir" who decided that the partisans' only hope was to break through along the Sopot river toward Biłgoraj.Opposing forces
Polish resistance:
*Armia Krajowa
** "Kurs Młodszych Dowódców Piechoty Obwodu AK Biłgoraj", irregular unit under lt.Konrad Bartoszewski "Wir",
** "1 Kompania Sztabowa Inspektoratu Zamojskiego AK" irregular unit under lt.Adam Haniewicz "Woyna"
** irregular unit under lt.Józef Stegliński "Cord" (commander of AK Region Biłgoraj)
** irregular unit under lt.Jan Kryk "Topola"
** irregular medical unit "Szpital Leśny Obwodu AK Biłgoraj 665" under lt. md.Lucjan Kopeć "Radwan"
*Bataliony Chłopskie
** part of I Batalion Hrubieszowski under mjr.Stanisław Basaj "Ryś" (left the region before the battle)
** irregular unit under lt.Jan Kędra "Błyskawica"
** irregular unit under lt.Antoni Wróbel "Burza"
** irregular unit under lt.Józef Mazur "Skrzypik"German forces:
* 154th Reserve Division
* 174th Reserve Division
* 213th Security Division
*4th Panzer Army
* 115 Country Rifleman Regiment
* air support from Luftflotte 4Battle
On the night of 24 to 25 June, the units of Lt.
Jan Kryk "Topola" (AK) and Lt.Jozef Mazur "Skrzypik" (BCh) tried to break through the road near the villagesFryszarka andBorowiec , but were stopped by the German forces and dispersed; both commanders died.In the meantime, the main partisan forces reached the village of
Osuchy near the Sopot river. On the dawn of 25 they launched an assault on the German line. The Germans, however, had fortified their position; the partisans of Mjr.Stanisław Basaj "Ryś" encountered aminefield , and found themselves under German machine gun fire. Soon, the Germans received artillery support. Finding themselves outgunned, they retreated, suffering heavy casualties. The partisan unit under Lt.Jan Kędra "Błyskawica" and Lt.Antoni Wróbel "Burza" managed to break through the first German line, only to encounter a second one 300m beyond it. The most elite of Polish units - the company of Lt.Adam Haniewicz "Woyna" - broke through the second line, but was stopped at a third line. Running out of manpower and supplies, the partisans were forced to retreat, and were further pushed back by a German counterattack. The unit of Lt.Józef Stegliński "Cord" broke through all three lines but was then engaged and destroyed by German reinforcements. The unit of Lt.Konrad Bartoszewski "Wir", fighting nearby, did however manage to break cleanly out of the German encirclement in the confusion of the battle. The remaining Polish units were forced back into the encirclement; eventually, all these partisans were killed or surrendered.Aftermath
It is estimated that about 400 out of the 1,200-strong partisan forces that engaged the Germans on 24-25 June were killed (approximately half of the Polish losses during the Sturmwind II). Most of the rest surrendered; some were executed on the spot, and many were tortured for additional information about the resistance; survivors were sent to
Nazi concentration camps . Nonetheless, while the Germans had weakened the partisans, they had failed to eliminate them. In July the Polish resistance carried out the country-wideOperation Tempest , and in theZamość region the town ofSzczebrzeszyn and Zamość itself were freed by the partisans. Soon afterward, the SovietLublin-Brest Offensive cleared out the Germans from most of the region.Currently in Osuchy there is a military cemetery dedicated to the partisans who fell in the battle.
References
*Polish|Bitwa pod Osuchami|1 November 2007
*pl icon Marian Kurzyna, [http://www.lublin.lasy.gov.pl/att/Aktualnosci/Osuchy_1944.doc Osuchy 1944 - tekst wystąpienia na cmentarzu wojennym w dn. 08.09.06] on the pages of Regionalna Dyrekcja Lasów Państwowych w Lublinie
*pl icon Krzysztof Czubara, [http://www.roztocze.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=483&Itemid=94 STRZAŁY NAD SOPOTEM] , Tygodnik Zamojski, 28.06.2006
*pl icon [http://osuchy2004.w.interia.pl/ Osuchy 2004] , a project of High School in Księżpole
*pl icon [http://www.bilgoraj.com.pl/wiadomosci/news.php?id=347 Schedule and photos from the 2006 anniversary of the battle in Osuchy]External links
*pl icon [http://osuchy2004.w.interia.pl/mapa.htm Map of the battle]
Further reading
*Jan Grygiel, Zygmunt Mańkowski, "Związek Walki Zbrojnej--Armia Krajowa w obwodzie zamojskim 1939-1944", Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk., 1995, ISBN 8301053798
*Zygmunt Mańkowski, Jerzy Markiewicz, Jan Naumiuk, "Bataliony Chłopskie na Lubelszczyźnie, 1940-1944", Wydawnictwo Lubelskie, 1962
*Waldemar Tuszyński, "Walki partyzanckie w lasach lipskich, janowskich i Puszczy Solskiej", Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1954
*Wojciech Sulew, "Lasy w ogniu: Zamojszczyzna, 1939-1944", Czytelnik, 1965
*Various authors, "Zamojszczyzna w okresie okupacji hitlerowskiej", PAX, 1968
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