Business records exception

Business records exception

The business records exception to the U.S. hearsay rule is based on Rule 803(6) of the Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE). It is sometimes referred to as the business entry rule.

cope of exception

Business records, for the purposes of the exception, are any writings or records of acts, events, conditions, opinions, or diagnosis, made at or near the time by, or from information transmitted by, a person with knowledge are admissible if kept in the regular course of business and if it was the regular course of business to make that record, unless the source of information or circumstances of preparation indicate a lack of trustworthiness.

Business is used in Rule 803(6) to mean any business, institution, association, profession, or occupation, regardless of whether or not it is conducted for profit. Therefore, such records could conceivably include those of religious and charitable organizations, hospitals, schools, and other such organizations. [http://federalevidence.com/rules-of-evidence#Rule803]

Rationale

The basic rationale for the exception is that employees are under a duty to be accurate in observing, reporting, and recording business facts. The underlying belief is that special reliability is provided by the regularity with which the records are made and kept, as well as the incentive of employees to keep accurate records (under threat of termination or other penalty). The exception functions to allow the record to substitute for the in-court testimony of the employees, but it can only substitute for what the employee could testify about. The availability of the declarant (the employee whose testimony is being replaced by the record) is immaterial for the purposes of this exception.

Reliability of the statements in the record

It must be apparent to the judge that the record was made in the regular course of business, i.e., that it was customary practice to make such an entry and that the entrant had a duty to record it (either by law or by the terms of his employment). The record must have been made at or near the time of the act, event, or transaction at issue. Furthermore, the record must consist of matters either within the personal knowledge of the entrant or within the personal knowledge of someone with a duty to transmit the information to the entrant.

This last point was contested in the case of "Johnson v. Lutz", 253 N.Y. 124, 170 N.E. 517 (1930), which held that record is admissible only when it is made by an employee on information obtained by him from an informant who himself was under a business duty to impart that information. The "Johnson" case, which dealt specifically with the admissibility of police reports, set a limitation on the use of such reports in court. Even though the police officer was under a duty to properly record the statements of an informant, the informant himself was under no duty to report the events correctly, and therefore the informant's statement was still inadmissible hearsay. The "Johnson" case is noted prominently in the Advisory Committee Notes to the Federal Rules of Evidence, and is frequently studied in U.S. law school courses on the Law of Evidence.

Limitation on admissibility of records prepared for litigation

In the case of "Palmer v. Hoffman", ussc|318|109|1943, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that an accident report created by a railroad company which was prepared in anticipation of a lawsuit by the victim was inadmissible, because it was not prepared in the regular course of business. Railroad travel, and not litigation, was the primary business of the railroad, and therefore the report was not considered sufficiently reliable to be admitted into evidence.

Lack of record as evidence

FRE 803(7) states the negative counterpart of the business records exception: the use of the "lack of a record" to prove that a transaction or occurrence had not taken place, if it was the regular practice of the business to record such events if they had actually occurred. [http://federalevidence.com/rules-of-evidence#Rule803]

Other types of business records

Under FRE 803(17), market reports and quotations, directories, and other published compilations are considered generally admissible if they are generally used and relied upon by the public or by persons in particular occupations. Such information is considered admissible separate and apart from privately-made business records described above.

References

*BarBri Evidence Review outline, 2006, pp. 76-79.
*Fisher, George. "Evidence". pp. 484-491. Foundation Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58778-176-X

External links

* [http://law.jrank.org/pages/4953/Business-Record-Exception.html Entry from Thomson West Legal Encyclopedia, courtesy of Jrank]


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужно сделать НИР?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • business records exception — n: an exception to the hearsay rule that allows admission into evidence of records, reports, compilations of data, or memoranda of an event, act, condition, opinion, or diagnosis that are made at or near the time of the event by a person with… …   Law dictionary

  • business record exception — A rule of evidence that allows routine entries made customarily in financial records, or business logs or files kept in the regular course of business, to be introduced as proof in a lawsuit when the person who made such notations is not… …   Law dictionary

  • Business Records Act — A federal statute creating an exception to the hearsay rule in respect of business records. 28 USC § 1732; Matthews v United States (CA5 Ga) 217 F2d 409, 50 ALR2d 1187; a statute, drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform… …   Ballentine's law dictionary

  • business — Employment, occupation, profession, or commercial activity engaged in for gain or livelihood. Activity or enterprise for gain, benefit, advantage or livelihood. Union League Club v. Johnson, 18 Cal.2d 275, 108 P.2d 487, 490. Enterprise in which… …   Black's law dictionary

  • business — Employment, occupation, profession, or commercial activity engaged in for gain or livelihood. Activity or enterprise for gain, benefit, advantage or livelihood. Union League Club v. Johnson, 18 Cal.2d 275, 108 P.2d 487, 490. Enterprise in which… …   Black's law dictionary

  • Business record — A business record is a document that records a business dealing. Business records include meeting minutes, memorandums, employment contracts, and .It must be retrievable at a later date so that the business dealings can be accurately reviewed as… …   Wikipedia

  • Business and Industry Review — ▪ 1999 Introduction Overview        Annual Average Rates of Growth of Manufacturing Output, 1980 97, Table Pattern of Output, 1994 97, Table Index Numbers of Production, Employment, and Productivity in Manufacturing Industries, Table (For Annual… …   Universalium

  • Business Overview — ▪ 2009 Introduction Automobiles.       The American automotive industry began 2008 in precarious condition, and as the year unfolded, the situation went from bad to worse. First, gasoline prices of $3.50 to $4 per gallon throughout much of the… …   Universalium

  • Business locations in A Series of Unfortunate Events — Many businesses appear in the children s book series A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket.Anwhistle AquaticsASUE place name = Anwhistle Aquatics bgcolor = aqua first = The Grim Grotto later = location = Above the Gorgonian Grotto and… …   Wikipedia

  • Orion Records — was a primarily classical record label active from the late 1960s until 1988. It grew out of an earlier, Canadian label, Baroque Records, founded by former Everest Records executive Giveon Cornfield.[1] After subsuming portions of Baroque s… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”